the last kingdom athelstan

Athelstan, also spelled Aethelstan or Ethelstan, (died October 27, 939), first West Saxon king to have effective rule over the whole of England. Lagertha leads Athelstan and the children to safety to a boat, while Ragnar fends off Earl Haraldson and his men. The first of these later codes, issued at Grately, prescribed harsh penalties, including the death penalty for anyone over twelve years old caught in the act of stealing goods worth more than eight pence. When asked why she does this she simply says "Because I must". After "Æthelstan A" retired or died, charters reverted to a simpler form, suggesting that they had been the work of an individual, rather than the development of a formal writing office. This points to a dispute between Æthelstan and Constantine over control of his territory. He begins to see visions of the Virgin Mary and a some sort of horrifying devil beast. Guthrum or Guthrum the Unlucky (later known as Æthelstan of East Anglia) was a main character and former antagonist in both The Saxon Stories novel series, and The Last Kingdom television series. Alcuin was born around 735 AD in York, Northumbria. The Last Kingdom follows Uhtred, a warrior who adopts the name Uhtred Ragnarson, and has a stepfather called Ragnar. [98], Æthelstan was a noted collector of relics, and while this was a common practice at the time, he was marked out by the scale of his collection and the refinement of its contents. [131], Æthelstan's court was perhaps the most cosmopolitan of the Anglo-Saxon period. [86] His reign saw the first introduction of the system of tithing, sworn groups of ten or more men who were jointly responsible for peace-keeping (later known as frankpledge). In the middle of the century, England came under increasing attack from Viking raids, culminating in invasion by the Great Heathen Army in 865. Guthrum came to England with an initial force of six hundred warriors, but soon gains more influence among … He never married and had no children. Æthelstan stayed mainly in Wessex, however, and controlled outlying areas by summoning leading figures to his councils. During this time Athelstan learns the Norse legend of Ragnarok and several other legends. By 878, the Vikings had overrun East Anglia, Northumbria, and Mercia, and nearly conquered Wessex. However, this is in a section that appears to be copied from a code of his father, and the list of towns with mints is confined to the south, including London and Kent, but not northern Wessex or other regions. [29], Even after Ælfweard's death there seems to have been opposition to Æthelstan in Wessex, particularly in Winchester, where Ælfweard was buried. Guthfrith, the Norse king of Dublin who had briefly ruled Northumbria, died in 934; any resulting insecurity among the Danes would have given Æthelstan an opportunity to stamp his authority on the north. They show his concern about widespread robberies, and the threat they posed to social order. He is grief stricken when he discovers Ragnar's daughter has been killed by the plague and watches with the other Norseman as Lagertha performs a cremation and funeral for the girl. Simon Keynes argued that "the consistent usages of Edgar's reign represent nothing less than a determined reaffirmation of the polity created by Æthelstan in the 930s". In Vikings he appears as a young king, but as an adult ruler in The Last Kingdom. Alfred died in 899 and was succeeded by Edward. [35], Opposition seems to have continued even after the coronation. "[134], Æthelstan died at Gloucester on 27 October 939. Pratt, "Written Law and the Communication of Authority", pp. [84] His religious outlook is shown in a wider sacralization of the law in his reign.[85]. You can see how Athelstan families moved over time by selecting different census years. Athelstan observes Lagertha's work as queen and is fascinated when she declares an unknown adulterer the Norse God Heimdallr. The other sister, whose name is uncertain, was married to a prince from near the Alps who has not definitely been identified. Written by bestselling author, Stuart Hill, this exciting adventure story is perfect for fans of historical fiction and will have readers gripped from start to finish. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. The law code of Alfred the Great, from the end of the ninth century, was also written in the vernacular, and he expected his ealdormen to learn it. [81] [k] Other historians see Wulfhelm's role as less important, giving the main credit to Æthelstan himself, although the significance placed on the ordeal as an ecclesiastical ritual shows the increased influence of the church. [128], Æthelstan's most important European alliance was with the new Liudolfing dynasty in East Francia. That night Horik launches an attack on Ragnar with what he believes to be the help of Siggy and Floki although it is revealed that all the information Horik has told them, they have told Ragnar, thereby letting him defeat Horik's forces. At first Æthelstan behaved as a Mercian king. There have been many heated debates as to which series is more compelling: The Last Kingdom or Vikings. The first asserts the importance of paying tithes to the church. Athelstan says yes but before departing he goes to Ragnar's old home to read his hidden Bible which disintegrates in his hands as it was burnt in Haraldson's raid. According to Sarah Foot, "He found acclaim in his own day not only as a successful military leader and effective monarch but also as a man of devotion, committed to the promotion of religion and the patronage of learning." Floki later comes to Athelstan while he is praying in episode Born Again; during the pray, after seeing Floki, he realizes what is about to happen and prays to Christ for his soul to be received right before Floki strikes his head. The Carolingian dynasty of East Francia had died out in the early tenth century, and its new Liudolfing king, Henry the Fowler, was seen by many as an arriviste. [71], Beneath the ealdormen, reeves—royal officials who were noble local landowners—were in charge of a town or royal estate. 335–336, 345–346; Foot. Their courts were peripatetic, and their councils were held at varying locations around their realms. Later when building a boat Floki has a vision of blood coming out of wood and sees it as a sign he must spill blood. After his death in 939 the Vikings seized back control of York, and it was not finally reconquered until 954. The Last Kingdom: Aethelflaed disobeys Aethelred Last Kingdom season 5 could definitely be on the cards for Netflix, with cast and crew saying they are keen to carry on the story. Blinding would have been a sufficient disability to render Æthelstan ineligible for kingship without incurring the odium attached to murder. Wood also suggests that Æthelstan may have been the first English king to be groomed from childhood as an intellectual, and that John was probably his tutor. Æthelstan, Edward’s eldest son and Æthelflæd’s ward for much of his youth, had been on the throne since 924. [56], Æthelstan set out on his campaign in May 934, accompanied by four Welsh kings: Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Idwal Foel of Gwynedd, Morgan ap Owain of Gwent, and Tewdwr ap Griffri of Brycheiniog. [19] An acrostic poem praising prince "Adalstan", and prophesying a great future for him, has been interpreted by Lapidge as referring to the young Æthelstan, punning on the old English meaning of his name, "noble stone". Just your everyday smooth, comfy tee, a wardrobe staple; Slim fit, so size up if you prefer a looser fit, or check out the Classic T-Shirt [138] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in Æthelstan's reign is principally devoted to military events, and it is largely silent apart from recording his most important victories. [108], Æthelstan's court was the centre of a revival of the elaborate hermeneutic style of later Latin writers, influenced by the West Saxon scholar Aldhelm (c.639–709), and by early tenth-century French monasticism. Alfred. [16] Medieval Latin scholar Michael Lapidge and historian Michael Wood see this as designating Æthelstan as a potential heir at a time when the claim of Alfred's nephew, Æthelwold, to the throne represented a threat to the succession of Alfred's direct line,[17] but historian Janet Nelson suggests that it should be seen in the context of conflict between Alfred and Edward in the 890s, and might reflect an intention to divide the realm between his son and his grandson after his death. Æthelstan sent his half-sister Eadhild to be Hugh's wife. While standing over the body the abbot (Saint Ælfheah) intrudes and recognizes Athelstan as a monk and threatens him with crucifixion (even though Athelstan is trying to get him to escape) but, while the abbot is tormenting Athelstan, Floki interrupts and takes the Bishop Swithun, ties him to a pillar and shoots him with arrows continually for all to see. Resources An entry in the Annals of Clonmacnoise, recording the death in 934 of a ruler who was possibly Ealdred of Bamburgh, suggests another possible explanation. His challenge is accepted and days later Ragnar and the earl duel. He goes with Ragnar for his first raid (and Ragnar's first in three years). Athelstan was the first king of all England, and Alfred the Great's grandson. In Armes Prydein Vawr (The Great Prophecy of Britain), a Welsh poet foresaw the day when the British would rise up against their Saxon oppressors and drive them into the sea. He was the son of King Edward the Elder and his first wife, Ecgwynn. 148–149, Woodman, "'Æthelstan A' and the rhetoric of rule", p. 247, Keynes, "Edward, King of the Anglo Saxons", p. 61. Torn between maintaining his beliefs and surviving in his new, cruel world, Athelstan began to doubt his faith in the Christian God. [6], Little is known of warfare between the English and the Danes over the next few years, but in 909, Edward sent a West Saxon and Mercian army to ravage Northumbria. [26] When Edward took direct control of Mercia after Æthelflæd's death in 918, Æthelstan may have represented his father's interests there. After Ragnar kills Horik he becomes the new king thereby giving Athelstan an even higher role at his side. Later in the century, Æthelweard praised him as a very mighty king worthy of honour, and Æthelred the Unready, who named his eight sons after his predecessors, put Æthelstan first as the name of his eldest son. Æthelstan centralised government; he increased control over the production of charters and summoned leading figures from distant areas to his councils. [104], He also sought to build ties with continental churches. [22] However, Sarah Foot argues that the acrostic poem makes better sense if it is dated to the beginning of Æthelstan's reign. [37], In 933 Edwin was drowned in a shipwreck in the North Sea. Anglo-Saxon kings did not have a fixed capital city. Constantine II ruled Scotland, apart from the southwest, which was the British Kingdom of Strathclyde. Bailey, "Ælfwynn, Second Lady of the Mercians", p. 114; Thacker, "Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults", pp. Folcuin stated that Æthelstan sent alms to the abbey for his dead brother and received monks from the abbey graciously when they came to England, although Folcuin did not realise that Æthelstan died before the monks made the journey in 944. Historians generally describe her as his only full sister, but Maggie Bailey points out that this rests on the late testimony of William of Malmesbury, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle makes no such distinction when recording her marriage to Sihtric. For everything there is a season, and a time for every matter under the sun. The authority of church and state was not separated in early medieval societies, and the lay officials worked closely with their diocesan bishop and local abbots, who also attended the king's royal councils. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle briefly recorded the expedition without explanation, but the twelfth-century chronicler John of Worcester stated that Constantine had broken his treaty with Æthelstan. [27] Ælfweard, Edward's eldest son by Ælfflæd, had ranked above Æthelstan in attesting a charter in 901, and Edward may have intended Ælfweard to be his successor as king, either of Wessex only or of the whole kingdom. Fifty years later, Æthelweard, a descendant of Alfred the Great's older brother, addressed his Latin version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to Mathilde, Abbess of Essen, who was Eadgyth's granddaughter, and had apparently requested it. Athelstan had visions and hallucinations that he saw Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary, but never had hallucinations involving the Norse gods. A time to be born, a time to die; a time to plant, and to pluck up what is planted; a time to kill, and a time to heal… Athelstan, I came back because you and Ragnar, all of you are my family. [11], Edward died at Farndon in northern Mercia on 17 July 924, and the ensuing events are unclear. The English also suffered heavy losses, including two of Æthelstan's cousins, sons of Edward the Elder's younger brother, Æthelweard.[60]. The Bishop of Winchester, Frithestan, did not attend the coronation or witness any of Æthelstan's known charters until 928. [36] Tensions between Æthelstan and Winchester seem to have continued for some years. [153] Historian Charles Insley, however, sees Æthelstan's hegemony as fragile: "The level of overlordship wielded by Æthelstan during the 930s over the rest of Britain was perhaps not attained again by an English king until Edward I. [99] The abbot of Saint Samson in Dol sent him some as a gift, and in his covering letter he wrote: "we know you value relics more than earthly treasure". The Last Kingdom has been airing since 2015 and the show is based on a series of novels by author Cornwell. C.B. But in light of the efforts made in the last years by Edward to weld Wessex and Mercia into one kingdom, it seems unlikely that he contemplated such a division. After meeting with Ragnar they have a small heart felt conversation about each other's gods and whether or not Athelstan will go back with Ragnar. The Grately code included a provision that there was to be only one coinage across the king's dominion. Hours later Ragnar, Horik, and Lagertha meet with king Ecgbert and arrange for raiding to stop only if they are given a large amount of land which Ecgbert agrees with. Days later Ragnar prepares for his next raid and Lagertha accompanies him while Athelstan is placed in charge of the children. After suffering mutilation she is spared death by Ecgbert after she confesses to being Athelstan's love and the father of their infant baby boy, Athelwulf is forced to believe that Athelstan was a man "touched by God" and that God had a hand in the baby's conception and is ordered by Ecgbert to raise it as his own - the child is named Alfred which implies he would later grow up to become King Alfred the Great. According to William of Malmesbury, an otherwise unknown nobleman called Alfred plotted to blind Æthelstan on account of his supposed illegitimacy, although it is unknown whether he aimed to make himself king or was acting on behalf of Edwin, Ælfweard's younger brother. [67] In the view of Sarah Foot, on the other hand, it would be difficult to exaggerate the battle's importance: if the Anglo-Saxons had been defeated, their hegemony over the whole mainland of Britain would have disintegrated. If Edward had intended his realms to be divided after his death, his deposition of Ælfwynn in Mercia in 918 may have been intended to prepare the way for Æthelstan's succession as king of Mercia. Ragnar chooses Athelstan and takes him to his home as a slave where his children make fun of his hair. Through Athelstan is refered to as a Saxon, the Northumbrians descended from Angles. 339–347; Foot, Keynes, "Royal government and the written word in late Anglo-Saxon England", p. 237; Keynes, "England, c. 900–1016", p. 471, Pratt, "Written Law and the Communication of Authority", p. 349, Wood, "A Carolingian Scholar in the Court of King Æthelstan", pp. No other member of the West Saxon royal family was buried there, and according to William of Malmesbury, Æthelstan's choice reflected his devotion to the abbey and to the memory of its seventh-century abbot, Saint Aldhelm. He was especially devoted to the cult of St. Cuthbert in Chester-le-Street, and his gifts to the community there included Bede's Lives of Cuthbert. 116–117, Foot, "Where English Becomes British", p. 144, John, "The Age of Edgar", p. 172; Stafford, "Ealdorman", Pratt, "Written Law and the Communication of Authority", p. 332. Athelstan unconsciously never abandoned his Christian faith. No other West Saxon king played as important a role in European politics as Æthelstan, and he arranged the marriages of several of his sisters to continental rulers. Floki asks Athelstan about the Christian faith and the Christian creation story and tells the Monk the Norse creation story. [156] Æthelstan's reign built upon his grandfather's ecclesiastical programme, consolidating the local ecclesiastical revival and laying the foundation for the monastic reform movement later in the century.[139]. Æthelwold was King Æthelred's son and Alfred's nephew. [c] Edwin might have fled England after an unsuccessful rebellion against his brother's rule, and his death probably helped put an end to Winchester's opposition. This The Last Kingdom review contains spoilers. A natural warrior, Uhtred is a leader of men — fearless, instinctive, and driven by a deep-seated need to... Brida. [34] He was crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Athelm, who probably designed or organised a new ordo (religious order of service) in which the king wore a crown for the first time instead of a helmet. He made a confraternity agreement with the clergy of Dol Cathedral in Brittany, who were then in exile in central France, and they sent him the relics of Breton saints, apparently hoping for his patronage. [21] In Michael Wood's view, the poem confirms the truth of William of Malmesbury's account of the ceremony. [83], The two earliest codes were concerned with clerical matters, and Æthelstan stated that he acted on the advice of Wulfhelm and his bishops. 465–467, Wood, "Aethelstan: The First King of England", "History by the Month: September and the Coronation of Æthelstan, "Æthelflæd [Ethelfleda] (d. 918), ruler of the Mercians", "Oda [St Oda, Odo] (d. 958), archbishop of Canterbury", "Æthelstan (Athelstan) (893/4–939), king of England", "Sihtric Cáech (Sigtryggr Cáech) (d. 927), king of York", "Dunstan [St Dunstan] (d. 988), archbishop of Canterbury", "Edward [called Edward the Elder] (870s?–924), king of the Anglo-Saxons", "Æthelwold (St Æthelwold, Ethelwold) (904x9–984)", List of English words of Old Norse origin, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Æthelstan&oldid=991565806, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Old English (ca. Whilst evidently fluent in Old English, his dialect of the language as a Northumbrian would have been different to those of Wessex. Living in the monastery also saved him from possibly dying of fever like the rest of his family. Æthelstan was known for the support he gave to dispossessed young royalty. The later codes show his concern with threats to social order, especially robbery, which he regarded as the most important manifestation of social breakdown. [55], In 934 Æthelstan invaded Scotland. Ragnar sends Floki to go to Haraldson's home and challenge him to a duel to the death and whoever wins will be Jarl (Earl). [95] According to Æthelwold's biographer, Wulfstan, "Æthelwold spent a long period in the royal palace in the king's inseparable companionship and learned much from the king's wise men that was useful and profitable to him". Æthelstan gave extensive aid to Breton clergy who had fled Brittany following its conquest by the Vikings in 919. The 9th century had been a tumultuous one for the Saxon kingdoms of England, which had fallen one by one to invading Danes with the exception of Alfred’s kingdom: Wessex. [d] The two kings agreed not to invade each other's territories or to support each other's enemies. John Maddicott goes further, seeing them as the start of centralised assemblies that had a defined role in English government, and Æthelstan as "the true if unwitting founder of the English parliament". The contacts resulted in a surge in interest in England for commemorating Breton saints. He was killed in 941 during a Viking raid into Scotland. Similar designs Explore similar designs from over 700,000 independent artists. In the same year he assisted the son of his half-sister Eadgifu, Louis, to take the throne of West Francia, and in 939 he sent another fleet that unsuccessfully attempted to help Louis in a struggle with rebellious magnates. In 929 or 930 Henry sent ambassadors to Æthelstan's court seeking a wife for his son, Otto, who later became Holy Roman Emperor. [78] His reign predates the sophisticated state of the later Anglo-Saxon period, but his creation of the most centralised government England had yet seen, with the king and his council working strategically to ensure acceptance of his authority and laws, laid the foundations on which his brothers and nephews would create one of the wealthiest and most advanced systems of government in Europe. He was the grandson of King Alfred the Great of Wessex, and united Wessex, Norse York and the Saxon Earldom of Bamburgh, into a singular Kingdom of England. 472–473, Keynes, "England, c. 900–1016", pp. Cenwald was a royal priest before his appointment as Bishop of Worcester, and in 929 he accompanied two of Æthelstan's half-sisters to the Saxon court so that the future Holy Roman Emperor, Otto, could choose one of them as his wife. [124], Like his father, Æthelstan was unwilling to marry his female relatives to his own subjects, so his sisters either entered nunneries or married foreign husbands. Keynes, "Edward, King of the Anglo Saxons", p. 51; Charles-Edwards, Nelson, "The First Use of the Second Anglo-Saxon. ", Historian Kevin Halloran argues that it was Anlaf Cuaran rather than Olaf Guthfrithson who became King of York after Æthelstan's death, David Dumville's chapter on Æthelstan in. Building on the foundations of his predecessors, he created the most centralised government that England had yet seen. [16] By 920 Edward had taken a third wife, Eadgifu, probably after putting Ælfflæd aside. Thereafter Athelstan focused on building the strength of the kingdom. Athelstan questions the captured Englishmen and discovers that the vikings are in Wessex, a country where the king is known for his wit and cruelty on the battlefield. They arrive at Floki's home where Ragnar receives care for his wound. [39], Edward the Elder had conquered the Danish territories in Mercia and East Anglia with the assistance of Æthelflæd and her husband Æthelred, but when Edward died the Danish king Sihtric still ruled the Viking Kingdom of York (formerly the southern Northumbrian kingdom of Deira). After, Ragnar confesses to his family and Athelstan that he had an affair with the princess Aslaug which he is forgiven for. The following year Sihtric died, and Æthelstan seized the chance to invade. The ancient royal line of the West Saxons provided an acceptable alternative, especially as they (wrongly) claimed descent from the seventh-century king and saint, Oswald, who was venerated in Germany. [47], Whereas Æthelstan was the first English king to achieve lordship over northern Britain, he inherited his authority over the Welsh kings from his father and aunt. Despite his intelligence, or perhaps because of it, he found himself torn between his old religious beliefs and cultural traditions and those to which he was exposed during his time with the vikings. An unknown amount of time later king Horik's wife and children arrive and a celebration is held. [94] Two of the leading figures in the later tenth-century Benedictine revival of Edgar's reign, Dunstan and Æthelwold, served in early life at Æthelstan's court and were ordained as priests by Ælfheah of Winchester at the king's request. They travel down the river to Floki's home. [77] It remained in force throughout the tenth century, and Æthelstan's codes were built on this foundation. [18] Historian Martin Ryan goes further, suggesting that at the end of his life Alfred may have favoured Æthelstan rather than Edward as his successor. Cenwald went on to make a tour of German monasteries, giving lavish gifts on Æthelstan's behalf and receiving in return promises that the monks would pray for the king and others close to him in perpetuity. One of the king's mass-priests (priests employed to say Mass in his household), Ælfheah, became Bishop of Wells, while another, Beornstan, succeeded Frithestan as Bishop of Winchester. This would have required him swearing fealty to him as an Earl, or possibly this was granted by Earl Haraldsson before he died in combat with Ragnar. Athelstan and the Vikings return to their homes while Ragnar goes to Götaland. [96] Oda, a future Archbishop of Canterbury, was also close to Æthelstan, who appointed him Bishop of Ramsbury. Sarah Foot commented that tithing and oath-taking to deal with the problem of theft had its origin in Frankia: Historians differ widely regarding Æthelstan's legislation. The second enforces the duty of charity on Æthelstan's reeves, specifying the amount to be given to the poor and requiring reeves to free one penal slave annually. The show is an adaption of Bernard Cornwell’s best-selling series of historical novels known as "The Saxon Stories." [32][b], The coronation of Æthelstan took place on 4 September 925 at Kingston upon Thames, perhaps due to its symbolic location on the border between Wessex and Mercia. While admiring the Bible and reversing his days as a monk, a monk surprises him and urging him not steal anything. [129], In early medieval Europe, it was common for kings to act as foster-fathers for the sons of other kings. According to the twelfth-century chronicler Simeon of Durham, his land forces ravaged as far as Dunnottar in north-east Scotland, while the fleet raided Caithness, then probably part of the Norse kingdom of Orkney. Ragnar declares a pilgrimage to the Norse holy place of Uppsala and asks if Athelstan would like to join them. Frank Stenton sees Æthelstan's councils as "national assemblies", which did much to break down the provincialism that was a barrier to the unification of England. After that he witnessed fairly regularly until his resignation in 931, but was listed in a lower position than entitled by his seniority. Fearless, gutsy, outspoken, and a born fighter, Brida feels at home in the boisterous world of the Danes. Floki fearing this had happened because the gods were unhappy with them for cooperating with Christians. "[115], Historians frequently comment on Æthelstan's grand and extravagant titles. Athelstan was actually introduced in The Last Kingdom season 4, although there he is young boy, years away from becoming England’s first king. The name Athelstan means "noble stone" in Old English. This was one reason for his close relations with European courts, and he married several of his half-sisters to European nobles[125] in what historian Sheila Sharp called "a flurry of dynastic bridal activity unequalled again until Queen Victoria's time". [4] In the eighth century, Mercia had been the most powerful kingdom in southern England, but in the early ninth, Wessex became dominant under Æthelstan's great-great-grandfather, Egbert. In the 890s, renewed Viking attacks were successfully fought off by Alfred, assisted by his son (and Æthelstan's father) Edward and Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians. [137], Chronicle sources for the life of Æthelstan are limited, and the first biography, by Sarah Foot, was only published in 2011. Athelstan continues to grow close to king Ecgbert and after spending enough time for Ecgbert to trust him, he brings Athelstan to ancient crypts built by Roman Pagans who traveled to England years before. … His household was the centre of English learning during his reign, and it laid the foundation for the Benedictine monastic reform later in the century. He commissioned it especially to present to Chester-le Street, and out of all manuscripts he gave to a religious foundation which survive, it is the only one which was wholly written in England during his reign. Beornstan was succeeded by another member of the royal household, also called Ælfheah. After Ragnar and Lagertha return Ragnar appears to be even more of a problem and possibly a threat to Earl Haraldson. In the early sixteenth century William Tyndale justified his English translation of the Bible by stating that he had read that King Æthelstan had caused the Holy Scriptures to be translated into Anglo-Saxon. The vikings raid the abbey church with barely a fight and Athelstan stumbles upon a Bible. The Last Kingdom (TV Series 2015– ) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. He is due to release the 13th and final … [66] Alfred Smyth describes it as "the greatest battle in Anglo-Saxon history", but he also states that its consequences beyond Æthelstan's reign have been overstated. According to late and dubious sources, these churches included minsters at Milton Abbas in Dorset and Muchelney in Somerset. Very little is known about Ecgwynn, and she is not named in any pre-Conquest source. [142] Charters, law codes, and coins throw considerable light on Æthelstan's government.

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